The aim of this review is to overhaul how geographical psychology paves a new way of understanding human behavior through geographic and aggregate perspectives to implement this area of research at the macro level. Its (latest) recurrence has been nurtured together by several parallels but related branches emerging in psychology in the past decade, including within-nation research in geographic clustering of personality characteristics ( Rentfrow et al., 2008 Rentfrow, 2010 Rentfrow and Jokela, 2016), the trend investigating the socio-ecological causes of cultures ( Fincher et al., 2008 Van de Vliert, 2009 Sng et al., 2018), big data research in spatial organizations of psychological constructs proxied by social media or online query data ( Mitchell et al., 2013 Eichstaedt et al., 2015 Wu et al., 2018).

This reinvigorated perspective and field at its third wave for history and now, now named and known as geographical psychology, aims to understand psychological phenomena based on their spatial distribution and their interactions with macro-level features of environments ( Rentfrow, 2013 Rentfrow and Jokela, 2016). Over the past ten years, there has been a resurgence of work looking at the links between people’s psychological characteristics and the features of the places in which they live. Lives are lived out in neighborhoods, cities, and states, and the physical and social features of these places can affect the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions experienced ( Rentfrow, 2013). Future research should employ multi-level analysis, taking advantage of more deliberated causality test methods and big data techniques, to further examine the emerging and evolving mechanisms of geographical differences in psychological phenomena. Studies have identified the spatial organizations of a wide range of psychological constructs, including (but not limited among) personality, individualism/collectivism, cultural tightness-looseness, and well-being these variations have been plotted over a range of geographical units (e.g., neighborhoods, cities, states, and countries) and have been linked to a broad array of political, economic, social, public health, and other social consequences. The geographical perspective provides a new way of understanding interactions between humankind psychological processes and distal macro-environments. Geographical psychology aims to study the spatial distribution of psychological phenomenon at different levels of geographical analysis and their relations to macro-level important societal outcomes. 4Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.3School of Communication and Design, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.2School of Journalism and Communication, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.1Department of Social Psychology, Zhou Enlai School of Government, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.Hao Chen 1 Kaisheng Lai 2* Lingnan He 3 Rongjun Yu 4*

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